Indian Geography

Himalayas, Northern Plains, Peninsular Plateau, Coastal Plains, Islands. Landforms and processes shaping India.

Mechanism of monsoon, climatic regions, rainfall patterns, seasons, cyclones, El Niño, La Niña.

Himalayan and Peninsular rivers, basin types, river management, floods/droughts, multipurpose river valley projects.

Alluvial, Black, Red, Laterite, Desert, Mountain, Peaty soils. Soil conservation and degradation.

Forest types, location, importance; major wildlife sanctuaries, national parks, threats to biodiversity.

Coal, iron, bauxite, copper, oil, gas, nuclear, hydro, renewable resources; mining and distribution.

Crop patterns, Green Revolution, horticulture, animal husbandry, fisheries, agricultural challenges.

Textile, Iron & Steel, Information Technology, Automobile, Industrial clusters, policy trends.

Railways, roads, airways, waterways, major ports, telecommunication infrastructure.

Population distribution, density, growth trends, migration, urbanization, types of settlements.

Earthquakes, floods, cyclones, droughts, tsunami; disaster preparedness and response.

Identification, boundaries, and significance of major regions: Himalayas, Plains, Plateau, etc.

Forest types, uses, afforestation, demand and conservation, forest policy.

Major river basins, water management, watershed development, challenges in water scarcity.

Agricultural land, forests, urban/rural, wasteland, issues of land degradation.

Canals, wells, tanks, tube wells, recent techniques for efficient irrigation.

Growth of towns and cities, metropolitan areas, problems and advantages of urbanization, government policies.

Western and Eastern coasts, deltas, estuaries, Andaman & Nicobar, Lakshadweep islands.